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Further Work on the S21 Project    

OTHER RELATED ARTICLES
Ergolding DNA - Our Possible Ancestors in Bavaria
The DYS390=23 Lineage
The Anglo-Saxon Visigoth Invaders

The Gothic Peoples & Their Possible Connection to Our Lines,
by Stan St. Clair

As Steve mentioned, one of the more recent tests conducted by the project on selected members of each known lineage has been a test by EthoAncestry for a mutation which is called S21.

The conjecture by some members of the Sinclair family who feel that a positive S21 reading is an indication of descent from the line of the Sinclair Earls, and as such, possibly even from the Davidic lineage of the Holy Family has concerned us. We feel it’s simply too early to make such statements.

Noted DNA researcher and project manager, Dr, David Faux, as previously quoted by Steve, has suggested that being positive for S21 may be proof of descent from the Visigoths, or Western Goths. For the sake of making my chapter a more self-contained examination of this subject, l have retained a bit of the material brought out by Steve in his S21 chapter, and expanded it. The following is the complete paragraph from Dr. Faux on his website: “R1b (Hg1, Eu18) is the most common haplogroup in Europe and its frequency changes in a cline from west (where it reaches a saturation point of almost 100% in areas of Western Ireland) to east (where it becomes uncommon in parts of Eastern Europe and virtually disappears beyond the Middle East).  R1b is defined by maker P25+, and the vast majority of Northern Europeans are R1b3, defined by marker M269+.  A R1b haplotype (a set of marker scores indicative of the haplogroup) is very difficult to interpret in that they are found at relatively high frequency in the areas where the Anglo - Saxon and Danish "invaders" originally called home (e.g., 55% in Friesland), and even up to 30% in Norway.  Thus a R1b haplotype makes it very challenging to interpret the origin of a family with this DNA signature.  Recently the company owned by the Administrator and Co-Administor, Ethnoancestry, has located two markers which may break through what was once an impregnible barrier.  With the prosaic names of S21 (R1b1c9) and S28 (R1b1c10) we present markers on the Y chromosome known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which appear to have arisen over 5000 years ago (probably much longer) and are found in all the descendants of the man in which each first appeared.  To date it appears that S21 in Britain marks "Anglo - Saxon" and so on the Continent in Italy (perhaps a legacy of the Visigoth and Lombard Germanic invaders), north to Saxony and Friesland and the home of the Angles.  Norway is about two thirds S21 positive; and the surrogate for the Anglo - Saxon homeland (Friesland) is about seventy five percent S21 positive. 1  

The suggestion by Dr. Faux seems to make sense. But I have had serious doubts as to the validity of the Visigoths connecting to the Judaic royal lines. For this reason, we decided to look at this theory both from the prospective of history, including biblical research, and DNA results. Steve felt I was the right person to do this given my background and training in biblical studies.

An early dispersion of Israelites from Palestine occurred after the division of their Kingdom immediately following the death of King Solomon. The Northern Kingdom became Israel, the Southern Kingdom became Judah.  The tribes of Judah and Benjamin combined into one tribe, while Levi stayed in the area of Judea as priests. The other ten tribes (Joseph being divided into Ephriam and Mannassah), living in the Northern Kingdom, were eventually dispersed into the nations to the north of Palestine. The biblical book of II Kings, chapter fifteen, verse twenty-nine states “In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and took Ijon and Abelbethmaachah, and  Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Giliad, and Galilee, and all the land of Nephtali, and carried them captive into Assyria.” 

I Chronicles chapter five, verse twenty-six tells the story this way: “And the God  (Elohim) of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tiglathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day.”

This was the beginning of the end of the Northern Kingdom, and the loss of the identity of the “Ten Lost Tribes”.

H. G. Wells, in his classic historical saga, “The Outline of History”, said, “In 745 BC arose (another Tiglath Pileser,) Tiglath Pileser III, the Tiglath Pilser of the Bible (II Kings xv, 29, and xvi, 7 et seq. ).  He not only directed the transfer of the Israelites to Media (the “Lost Ten Tribes” whose ultimate fate has exercised so many curious minds), but he conquered and ruled Babylon, so founding what historians know as the New Assyrian Empire.”  2 

This is believed to have transpired in about 740 BCE. In approximately 721 BCE, nearly twenty years after the initial deportations, the ruling city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, met its final demise Sargon II finished what Tiglathpileser III, and Shalmaneser V had started. II Kings 17:3-6 tell the story:

3 Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents. 4 And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison.5 Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.6 In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.

There is conformation Sargon’s part of this in Assyrian cuneiform. He recorded his first campaign on the walls of the royal palace at Dur-Sarraku (Khorsabad):

”In my first year of reign *** the people of Samaria *** to the number of 27,290 ... I carried away. Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. The city I rebuilt. I made it greater than it was before. People of the lands I had conquered I settled therein. My official (Tartan) I placed over them as governor.”. (L.ii.4.)[1.” 3

Though Sennacherib, the son of Sargon II, invaded Lachish and other cities in Judah in 701 BCE,, besieging Jerusalem, there is no definitive proof that he took captives to Assyria. 4

The Southern Kingdom of Judah, ruled by the Davidic line, was captured about 350 years later, and carried into Babylonian Captivity by the forces off Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BCE. 5  

Unlike the Tribe of Judah, which was allowed to return to their homeland following their Babylonian Captivity, there is no historical evidence to show that those captured from the Northern Kingdom at this time ever returned. There are a number of theories as to the fate of these Israelites.

The most widely accepted theory among those believing that the Ten Lost Tribes are not identified by those commonly accepted as Jews today is believed by a number of groups.  Though the argument is several centuries old, over the past 150 years, these have identified themselves as proponents of “British Israelism”. This belief states that the throne of David is currently occupied by the Queen of England, and that the royal houses of Europe are descended from the lineage of King David. The nation of England is viewed as modern Ephraim, the United States as Manasseh, Denmark or Danmark as Dan’s mark, and together with Sweden, or Swe DAN, the Tribe of Dan, etc. The Danube River and Danzig are viewed as additional clues

There is much evidence to show that members of these tribes did migrate into Europe following their release from Assyria. We have found no definitive proof, however that the Visigoths were of the tribe of Judah, or the Davidic royal lines. It seems possible, however, that they may have been of another branch of Israel.

One living advocate of these teachings is Yair Dividiy, a Jewish scholar who heads an organization known as “Brit-Am”, centered in Jerusalem. Davidiy has written a book on the subject called “The Tribes”, and features parts of it on “You Tube” videos.

In an email which I received from him, Davidiy quoted from the first chapter of his book, pointing out the fact that the Bible says that “The King of Assyria took Sameria, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Hala, and in Habor, and in the cities of the Medes.” (II Kings 17:6) Davidiy further states, “The Bible also mentions ‘Hara’ (I Chronicles 5:26) in Eastern Iran as a place of exile. The Talmud and archaeological findings enable the identification of these places of re-settlement. Shortly after the exile and re-settlement, every one of the said places became a center for a group of peoples who then appeared for the first time. They are known to history as the Cimmerians, Sythians, and Guti, or Goths.” His book brings out detailed and compelling arguments that these entities were, at least in part, the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.

On his web site, Dividiy states emphatically, “Reuben became prominent amongst the French who were dominated by the Ribuari and Rubi Franks and other groups named after clans of Reuben.”  He further points out that the sons of Asher were Jimnah, and Ishuah, and Isui, and Beriah, correspond to the tribes of the Lygian Goths. According to him, “Jimnah became the Omani, Isui the Heissi, and Beriah the Boreoi.” 6

It should be noted that Berith is the Hebrew word for covenant, and Ish is the Hebrew word for man. By combining these two words, the word Berith-ish meaning “Covenant Man” seems to form the basis for the word British. 7 

 In “The Outline of History”, H.G. Wells further stated, “In our accounts of the development of the Western world we have had had occasion to name the Scythians, and to explain the difficulty of distinguishing clearly between Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Medes, Persians, Partheans, Goths, and other more or less nomadic, more or less Ayran peoples who drifted to and fro in a great arc between the Danube and central Asia.” 8

Later, Wells says, “The populations of South Scotland, England, East Ireland, Flanders,  Normandy, and the Russias have more elements in common than we are accustomed to recognize. All are fundamentally Goths and Nordic peoples.” 9

A major problem with the S21/ Davidic theory, is the male Judaic line was never seen as Gothic, even by proponents of British Israelism. 

In The God-Kings of Europe, British Professor Hugh Montgomery wrote that the genetic mutation CCR5-delta32, which was stated by two professors at the University of Liverpool Biology Department occurred in Mesopotamia about 1150-1100 BC, may confirm his hypothesis that the Goths may have come from Mesopotamia.10  Without going into his entire theory, I will only state that this much of his analysis could agree with my findings, with possibly a slightly later date. Actual mutation dates are very difficult to determine. The CCR5-delta32 mutation is, of course, completely different from S21. However, see Steve’s review of this theory in the Book Review section.

While theories concerning the “Lost Tribes” seem to hold some merit from a historical prospective, it is quite likely from the evidence of DNA that not nearly all persons of Western European ancestry are descended from the ancient Israelites. Several haplogroups are represented in the U.K. alone, and to determine one’s specific ancestry, it is necessary to obtain genealogical DNA testing. My article, “Genealogy by Genetics, Why Test”, which may be found in its entirety on the St. Clair Research web site at http://www.stclairresearch.com, has been published in the official Clan Sinclair publications in the US, Canada, the UK, and in Australia. Briefly stated, YDNA testing of male chromosomes traces common ancestry of direct male lineage using a set of markers known as alleles. Mutation occurs for various reasons, including viruses caught by ancestors. Feelings on the rate of mutation vary, and it is the belief of Steve and myself, that this rate is not entirely consistent in different lines, mtDNA may also be tested to show direct maternal origins. A great deal of additional information on haplogroups and how they show ancestry may be found at our site. Our study suggests, as do others, that the majority of Caucasoid Western Europeans and natives of the British Isles are of the R1b haplogroup, and have been in Europe since the last Ice Age, estimated to be 10,000 years ago. Jewish males generally belong to haplogroup E3b, into which one member of our project fits, and Cohens, said to be descendants of Moses’ brother, Aaron, of the tribe of Levi, are haplogroup J. E3b, however, may not have been around from the beginning of the history of Israel. The Bene Israel, a Jewish community in Western India, also has traditions of Jewish descent, and members have a high frequency of the Cohen Modal Haplotype J, substantiating these claims. They lack haplogroup E3b, and the authors of the linked study suggest that they split from other Jews before E3b entered the Jewish gene pool. 11/ Also, some have shown to be Q, a type found in a large area from Norway to Iran and Mongolia, and the Americas.

According to one web site, the R1b haplogroup is found in a small percentage of Ashkenazi Jews (roughly 10%)12.  DNA is a fascinating and ever-improving science. We simply don’t know all of the answers yet.

SOURCES 

1.Dr. David FaulkShetland Islands Project,http://www.davidkfaux.org/shetlandhaplogroupR1b

2H.G. Wells, The Outline of History, Volume I, page 168, Garden City Books, Garden City, NY, 1920, 1931,  1949, 1949 edition.

3Answers.com: Assyrian Captivity of Israel

http://www.answers.com/topic/assyrian-captivity-of-israel

4Answers.com: Lachish

http://www.answers.com/topic/lachish?cat=travel

5Answers.com Kingdom of Judah

http://www.answers.com/topic/kingdom-of-judah

6 Yair Davidiy, The Israelite Tribe of Asher, Asher and the Vandals http://www.britam.org/asher.html

7 British Israelism, belief

http://www.ondoctrine.com/10brtish.htm

8H. G. Wells, The Outline of History Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind, Volume I, page 504, 1949 Edition, Doubleday and Co., Garden City Books, Garden City, N.Y.

9Ibid. Volume II, page 663

10Hugh Montgomery, The God-Kings od Europe, page 12, 2006, The Book Tree, San Diego \, CA

11Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog: Haplotype E3b and Ancient Jews http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2004/12/haplogroup-e3b-and-ancient-jews.html

12 Jewish Rb1: Jewish Ethnicity http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JewishR1b/

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The website which goes by "Salian DNA Project, Sinclair St. Clair DNA and history" as well as Robert Sinclair's Facebook page have been on the attack for over 6 months now against the Sinclair / St. Clair DNA Research website.  It’s time to explain this and begin to balance the hateful messages they’re posting with regularity on public Facebook pages. The main place these hateful messages show up is on Robert Sinclair’s Hatebook…er…Facebook page known as “Sinclair Clan Fact Fiction and DNA”

Learn more about the motives behind the Salian DNA Project and how they're misrepresenting the Sinclair St. Clair DNA study at this link.

We’re going to be cutting and pasting a great deal of what they post and assessing it from a more balanced perspective on our own Blogspot pages. I refuse to allow the public pages of either the website or our Sinclair DNA Facebook page be sullied by those who do so little to advance the history of the Sinclair family.